認知の発達 Development of Cognition
P3-2-155 小児右小脳における言語的認知スタイルと局所灰白質量の相関 Correlation between Verbal cognitive style and regional gray matter volume in the right cerebellum in children ○浅野孝平1, 瀧靖之1,2, 橋爪寛1佐々祐子1, 浅野路子1, 竹内光1, 川島隆太1 ○Kohei Asano1, Yasuyuki Taki1,2, Hiroshi Hashizume1, Benjamin Thyreau2, Yuko Sassa1, Michiko Asano1, Hikaru Takeuchi1, Ryuta Kawashima1 東北大学・加齢研1, 東北大学・東北メディカル・メガバンク機構2 Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai1, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai2 Verbal-visual cognitive styles are well known in pedagogy that cognitive style largely influences learning performance. There are a few studies that have reported a sex difference in the correlation between cognitive style and brain structures. However, this relationship has not yet been clarified. Therefore, our purpose was to examine the relationship between verbal-visual cognitive style and regional gray matter volume (rGMV) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in children. 289 (144 boys, 145 girls) right-handed, healthy children (6-18 years) participated in this study, which was approved by the institutional review board of Tohoku University School of Medicine. We acquired T-1 weighted images on a 3T-MRI scanner, and conducted a VBM analysis. A previous study showed that visual-verbal cognitive styles were correlated with visual-verbal cognitive abilities, respectively. Hence we acquired the perceptual organization index (POI) and verbal comprehension index (VCI), which are indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and used VCI-POI score (V-P) as a measure of verbal-visual cognitive styles. Then we analyzed the correlation between V-P and rGMV using multiple regression. In boys and girls, age and intracranial volume (ICV) were used as covariates to control. In all participants, age, sex and ICV were used as covariates (P < 0.05, FWE corrected). We found a significant positive correlation between V-P and rGMV in right cerebellum in only boys. There was no region that showed significant correlation between V-P and rGMV in any groups. Given the involvement of the structure of the right hemisphere of the cerebellum with language processes, our results suggest that the neural basis of verbal cognitive styles in boys might be related to a inner model in the right cerebellum which related the cerebral language system and there might be a sex difference in this relationship.	P3-2-156 乳幼児から成人早期における前頭葉と側頭葉の発達：MRIによる研究 Development of the fronto-temporal lobes from infancy to early adulthood: A structural MRI study ○松井三枝1, 田仲千秋2, 植松明子1, 田中恵 M1, 宇多聡1 ○Mie Matsui1, Chiaki Tanaka2, Akiko Uematsu1, Megumi M Tanaka1, Satoshi Uda1 富大院・医・心理1, 富大院・医・小児2 Dept Psychol, Univ of Toyama, Toyama1, Dept Pediatrics, Univ of Toyama, Toyama2 Background: Brain development during early life in healthy individuals is rapid and dynamic, indicating that this period plays a very important role in neural and functional development. The frontal and temporal lobes are known to play a particularly important role in cognition. The purpose of this study was to examine developmental trajectories of frontal and temporal lobes from infancy to early adulthood in healthy individuals, considering sex and brain hemisphere differences. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional, longitudinal morphometric MRI study of 114 healthy individuals (54 females and 60 males), aged 1month to 25 years old. Twenty of them had 2 scans and 5 of them had 3 scans, the remainder having only one. We measured frontal and temporal lobe gray matter (GM)/white matter (WM) volumes, following the protocols. Results: There were significant non-linear age-related volume changes in all regions. Peak ages of frontal lobe and temporal lobe development occurred around preadolescence (9-12 years old). GM volume for both frontal and temporal lobes showed a greater increase in females until around 5-6 years old, at which point this tendency reversed, with male GM volume increasing for a longer time than that of females. WM volume growth changes were similar across regions, all increasing rapidly until early childhood but slowing down thereafter. The right temporal and frontal lobes showed a greater volumetric increase than the left for the first several years. Conclusions: This predominantly cross-sectional and longitudinal study demonstrates how frontal lobe and temporal lobe volumes develop from infancy to early adulthood in healthy individuals. Cubic models all best characterized the developmental trajectories in these regions, but specific volume increases and decreases differed depending on sex, brain region, and hemisphere. Factors that affect brain development would be expected to have a differential impact based on these variables.
P3-2-157 注意に関する神経基盤の発達：Voxel-Based Morphometry研究 Development of attentional networks: Voxel-Based Morphometry study ○藤井猛1,2,3, 齋藤大輔1,2,3, 谷中久和2,3,4, 小坂浩隆1,5, 村松倫子6, 岡沢秀彦2 ○Takeshi Fujii1,2,3, Daisuke Saito1,2,3, Hisakazu Yanaka2,3,4, Hirotaka Kosaka1,5, Tomoko Muramatsu6, Hidehiko Okazawa2 福井大学　子どものこころの発達研究センター1, 福井大学　高エネルギー医学研究センター2, 福井大学　生命科学複合研究教育センター3, 鳥取大学　地域学部　地域教育学科4, 福井大学　医学部　精神医学5, 福井大学　医学部　第二内科（神経内科）6 Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui1, Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui2, Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui3, Department of Education, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University4, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui5, Second Department of Internal Medicine (Neurology), Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui6 An attentional function is one of the most important cognitive functions and it develops mainly in school-age. However, development of brain structures related with the attentional function remains unclear. To reveal the development of brain regions related with attention, a modified version of an Attention Network Test (ANT) and the Voxel-Based Morphometry method were used. School-age children and young adults (n=171, from 9 to 24 years old) participated in the experiment. The modified version of the ANT can measure only orient and conflict effect with shorter time. Structural brain images of participants were obtained with 3 Tesla MRI. Consistent with previous studies, total gray matter volume was increased and total white matter volume was decreased with age. The relation between the regional gray matter density and the orient and conflict effect of attention was examined with multiple regression analysis. The conflict effect was positively correlated with gray matter density of medial prefrontal cortex, medial parietal cortex and lateral parietal cortex, while gray matter density in occipital cortex was negatively correlated with it. The orient effect was positively correlated with that of bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and hippocampus, while gray matter density in bilateral fusiform gyrus and medial parietal cortex were negatively correlated with it. These results suggest the reduction of regional gray matter density with development in medial prefrontal and parietal regions may make possible to resolve conflicts efficiently. The functional development of orienting attention may be associated with reduced gray matter density in lateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.

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